THE TERMINOLOGY OF ECOLOGY IN FRENCH, ENGLISH, RUSSIAN LANGUAGES IN THE UN DOCUMENTATION: TRANSLATION ASPECT (70-72)

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THE TERMINOLOGY OF E COLO GY IN FRENCH, ENGLISH, RUS SIAN LANGUAGES
IN THE UN DOCUMENTAT ION:
TRANSLATION ASPECT

Koroleva Svetlana
Doctor of Philology, Professor
of Linguistics University, Nizhny Novgorod
Malinovsky Maxim
DOI: 10.31618/nas.2413 -5291.2020.1.56.239
Abstarct
The article is devoted to the problem of differenti ation between justified and unjustified borrowings from
English in Russian environmental term system. The article formulates a methodology of harmonizing ecological
terminology. To do so we check if a borrowing has a synonymous traditional term.
Key words: ecological term system; the French language; the English language; the Russian language;
adoption; assimilation; English borrowings.

Over the past 30 years, the terminology of ecology
is of great interest to both ecologists a nd linguists as the
globaliz ation process has intensified. English is
becoming the dominant language in many areas. This
fact has an impact on the environmental science.
Moreover English -speaking countries have made a
significant contribution to its develo pment [13].
Among significan t papers published in this sphere over
recent years, it is worth mentioning works ‘Ecological
term systems of French and Russian’ (by N.I. Jabo),
‘Establishment and development of the ecological term
systems in the English langu age’ (by E.A.
Latyshevskaya) , ‘The functional model of a bilingual
ecological thesaurus dictionary’ (by M.A. Kovyazina),
‘Discursive structures of ecological themes in linguistic
and legal aspects (by E.G. Hitarova) [1, c. 2 -7].
Attention of Russian lingui sts studying
environmental t erminology systems is focused on the
description of the actual state of ecological term
systems, the methods and sources of their
replenishment, the development of terminology
classifications, methodology of harmonizing
environm ental terms and compiling en vironmental
dictionaries, thesauruses and glossaries [1, c. 8 -10].
However, the problem of non -English
ecoterminology development within the frames of
borrowing from the English language and without these
frames has not been st udied closely. The article d eals
with this problem in the aspect of justified and
unjustified borrowings -terms in Russian
ecoterminology.
As it is justly argued by A.N. Kamnev, until the
1990s most environmental terms in English, French and
Russian langua ges were internationalisms, for
example:
• «Hydrometeorology»
(Rus) гидрометеорология / (Fr)
hydrométéorologique / (Eng) hydrometeorology;
• «Ozone layer»
(Rus) озоновый слой / (Fr) couche d'ozone /
(Eng) ozone layer [6, c. 169].
Nowadays internationalisms are being ousted by
active En glish borrowings (either pure borrowings or
calques), for example:
«Aftershok» (secondary seismic push, less
intensity than the main seismic strike)
(Rus) афтершок / (Fr) shockafter / (Eng)
aftershock;
«Upwell ing» (meteorological process: deep
ocean waters ascending to the surface)
(Rus) апвеллинг / (Fr) remontée d'eau / (Eng)
upwelling [15].
Yet there is a big difference between Russian and
French variants of openness to the influence of the
English language. Today the French environmental
terminology is n ot that much subjected to the process
of borrowing from English as the Russian
environmental terminology. In case of the latter, many
of borrowed terms are to be acknowledged unjustified,
for example [7, c. 4]:
«Environmentalism» (a social ecological
movem ent which spread in the 20th century in
European countries aiming at strengthening
environmental protection measures)
(Rus) энвайронментализм / (Fr) écologisme /
(Eng) environmentalism;
«Recycling» (utilization of recycled raw
materials and household wast e)
(Rus) рисайклинг / (Fr) recyclage / (Eng)
recycling [15].
The quality of being justified or unjustified does
not belong to the system of ecoterminology, or on the
process of borrowings, as it is. This quality is ‘ascribed’
by theory of borrowing accordi ng to the fact of
presence or absence of semantic equivalents - terms
with associated/synonymous/close meanings - in the
system of the language [11, c. 38].
To differentiate between justified and unj ustified
borrowings of ecoterms in the Russian language w e
analyze the environmental terminology of the UN and
UNEP [16], which is available on the official website
of the United Nations in the section «Terminology»
(UNTERM) [17].

Национальная ассоциация ученых (НАУ) # 56, 20 20 71
A comparative analysis of documents in Russian
and French brings into focus the fa ct that the Russian
environmental terminological system is more open to
borrowings from the English language. The terms
which are widely used in the documents include:
афтершок (aftershock), вейст -индекс (waste index),
дефористация (deforestation), экологи ческий
мониторинг (environmental monitoring), рисайклинг
(recycling), спрединг (spreading), форшок
(foreshock), экологическая культура (ecological
culture), экологический кодекс (environmenta l code),
некк (neck), рифт (rift) [3, c. 6 -7].
In general, this ph enomenon can be explained by
the development of computer technologies and the
Internet which revolutionized the spread and exchange
of information. The amount of sources available for
informa tion study has increased by many times. One
can see the reasons w hy the environmental terminology
is so fragmented despite the fact that there is a number
of requirements applied to borrowed terms formulated
by D.S. Lotte [10].
Eight of the eleven terms ci ted are to be qualified
as unjustified borrowings.
Six of the te rms have semantically equivalent
traditional terms: ‘вейст -индекс ’ ( waste index) is
semantically equivalent to the traditional term ‘индекс
отходов ’ [14, c. 5] , ‘дефористация ’ ( deforestation) -
to ‘обезлесение ’ [4] , ‘рисайклинг ’ ( recycling) - to
‘переработ ка’ [5] , ‘некк ’ ( neck) - to ‘жерловина ’
[18] , ‘рифт ’ ( rift) - to ‘разлом ’ [13] .The term
‘спрединг ’ (spreading) is partly adopted in the Russian
language – this fact can be illustrated by the presence
of the term in The Large Russian Encyclopedia [2].
Nonet heless, we consider that the descriptive
translation ‘ разрастание океанического дна ’ could be
a better option and would present the process clearly
and help avoid confusion.
The term ‘ афтершок ’ (aftershock) is semantically
equivalent to the traditional ter m ‘ повторный толчок ’.
The term connected with it by the subject area –
‘форшок ’ (foreshock) – hasn’t got a semantically
equivalent term yet but it is considered to be relatively
easy to be made taking the connection with the other
term into consideration. Two possible terms which we
consider to be a better option is ‘ первый толчок ’ or
‘предварительный толчок ’.
The term ‘экологический мониторинг ’
(environmental monitoring) can be called a justif ied
borrowing as it’s already adopted in the Russian
language a nd got into the dictionary [9, c. 555]. Apart
from it, it has a special semantic component if
compared to its closest synonym ‘наблюдение ’,
comprising the meaning of not only observing some
phe nomenon but monitoring it all the time, analyzing
the data and making suggestions on its basis.
The terms ‘ экологическая культура (ecological
culture) and ‘экологический кодекс ’ (environmental
code) can be considered as justified calques due the
presence of well -assimilated borrowings ‘ культура ’
(culture) and ‘code’ (кодекс ) which can be found in
various dictionaries and are used in many areas apart
from ecology.
It is evident that the problem of harmonizing
ecoterminology is very acute for the Russian
terminology system.
So we conclude that the environmental
terminol ogy harmonization in the UN documents in
English, French and Russian, should include
differentiation between justifie d and unjustified
borrowings and prescriptions concerning their usage.
Unjustified borrowings should be replaced by
traditional terms to ob serve norms of speech and
principles of linguistic safety [8, c. 297 -314].
Despite the fact that ecological term syst ems have
been created mainly on the basis of Greek -Latin
elements, and it would seem that mutual translating and
understanding such terms m ay cause no difficulty for
European and Russian languages, many cases of active
and sometimes unjustified borrowings from the English
language make the situation much more complicated.
Excessive borrowings from the English language may
cause deformity of a (national) linguocultural term
system and lead to numerous communication
discrepancies.

Список литературы :
1. Agranovskaya, A. (2016). Overview of
Dissertation Studies in the Terminology of Ecology.
[Electronic version]. Peoples' Friendship University o f
Russia Journal, N. 3, pp. 2 -7.
2. Big Russian encyclopedia:
https://bigenc.ru/geology/
3. Diakov, A., Deikina, S. (2014). English
borrowing of the Semantic Sphere “Environment”.
[Electronic version]. Siberian University of Consumer
Cooperation Journal, N . 10, pp. 6 -7.
4. Efimov, A. (2020, April 2020). Deforestation is
caused by the migration of Indo -Europeans, Nplus1.
Retrieved June 10, 2020 from
https://nplus1.ru/news/2020/04/07/forests
5. Hrapchenkova, I. (2015, April 2015). How to
recycle plastic bottl es in Russia, Recyclemag.
Retrieved May 3, 2020 from
https://r ecyclemag.ru/article/plarus
6. Kamnev, A., Kochurov, B., Istomina, E. (eds)
(2018). English -Russian / Russian -English
Environmental Science Dictionary. Moscow:
Publishing House “National Educat ion”.
7. Kitova, I. (2015) The Issue of Translating
English Te rminology from the Standpoint of the
Ecology of Language. [Electronic version]. Translation
and Comparative Linguistics Journal , N. 11, p. 4.
8. Koroleva, S., Porshneva, E. (2019). Russian
stand arts of higher education (linguistics and
translation): proble ms of linguistic security from the
perspective of linguodidactics. [Electronic version].
Language and Culture Journal, N.48, pp. 297 -314.
9. Kuznetsov, S. (2008). The Explanatory
Dictionary of t he Russian Language. St. Petersburg:
Norint.
10. Lotte, D. (19 82). Foreign terms and term
elements borrowing and streamlining issues. Moscow:
Publishing House “The Science”.

72 Национальная ассоциация учены х (НАУ) # 56, 20 20
11. Marinova, E. (2013). Theory of borrowing in
basic concepts and terms: dictiona ry-reference.
Moscow: FLINTA: The science, p. 38.
12. Mashakae va, E. (2012). The Role of
Linguistics in Solving Global Environmental Problems.
[Electronic version]. South Ural State University
Journal, N. 25, p. 5.
13. Mihaylov, V. (2008, April 2008). Rift s of the
Earth's crust and their impact on construction and
op eration of engineering structures , Cyberleninka.
Retrieved April 22, 2020 from
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/
14. Rachkov, V., Novichkova, G. & Fedina, E.
(1998). Man in a modern mechanized so ciety: problems
of development security. Moscow: Institute of
Philosophy Russian Academy of Sciences.
15. Unterm.un.org: https://unterm.un.org/unterm/
16. Unepcom.ru:
http://www.unepcom.ru/unep/unep -bodies/gc.html
17. Unterm.un.org:
https://unterm.un.org/ unterm/portal/welcome
18. Zaykov, V. (2007, July 2007). At the
birthplace of the volcano , Gazetanu. Retrieved May 15,
2020 from http ://www .uran .ru/gazetanu /

СПОСОБЫ СЕМЕНТИЗАЦИИ МЕТАФОР В АСПЕКТЕ П РЕПОДАВАНИЯ РУС СКОГО ЯЗЫКА
КАК ИНОСТРАННОГО

Пузина Инна Викторовна
Магистрант
Оренбургский государственный университет
г. Оренбург

METHODS OF SEMANTIZA TION OF METAPHORS IN THE ASPECT OF TEACH ING
RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Puzina Inna Victorovna
Master of Science
Orenburg State University
Orenburg

Аннотаци я
Статья посвящена одной из актуальных проблем обучения восприятия и понимания метафор русского
языка в тексте иноязычными студентами - проблеме семантизации метафор. Приводятся различные
способы семантизации русских метафор, которые иностранные обучающиес я могут встретить в текстах
учебников по русскому языку как иностранному на разных этапах обучения.
Abstract
The article deals with one of the actual problem of interpreting metaphors of the Russi an language in the text
by foreign speakers – the problem of semantization of metaphors. Foreigners can meet different Russian metaphors
in the texts of Russian as foreign language textbooks. The different methods of semantization of metaphors are
describe d below.
Ключевые слова: семантизация; способы семантизации метафор; метафора русского языка;
методика РКИ; работа над метафорой.
Keywords: semantization; methods of semantization of metaphors; the metaphor of the Russian language;
the methodology of teach ing Russian as a foreign language; work on the metaphor.

В процессе овладения русским языком
иностранные студенты сталкиваются с проблемой
различения и понимания метафор в тексте. При
работе с материалом, содержащим образные
средства, с ледует учитывать, что значения метафор
русского языка иностранец воспринимает
совершенно иначе, в связи с чем, требуется их
объяснение и запоминание. Поэтому целью нашего
исследования является определение способов
семантизации метафор в аспекте преподавани я
русского языка как иностранного.
В словаре лингвистических терминов дается
следующее определение термина семантизация:
«Семантизация – выявление смысла, значения
языковой единицы». Соответственно, способы
семантизации - это пути раскрытия значения
языко вой единицы. Под способами семантизации
метафор мы пониманием различные приемы
выявления имплицитного значения метафор.
При выборе тех или иных способов
семантизации метафор следует учитывать
методические, психологические и лингвистические
факторы. Методи ческие факторы включают этап
обучения, уровень владения языком, техническую
об еспеченность учебного процесса. К
психологическим относят возраст обучающегося и
уровень языковых способностей. Лингвистические
факторы выражаются в характере слов
(абстрактные, конкретные, многозначные,
служебные) и контрастивной ценности слов (то, что
отличает слово от слова родного языка), а также
рассматривают внутренние особенности слов, их
системные свойства.[1, с.59]
За основу способов семантизации метафор
нами были выбраны общеизвестные способы
семантизации лексики.
Различают переводную и бесперев одную
семантизации.